Erik Wackers - Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Niek Stadhouders - Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Anthony Heil - Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Gert Westert - Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Simone Dulmen - Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Patrick Jeurissen - Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Background  A lack of knowledge exists on real world hospital strategies that seek to improve quality, while reducing or containing costs. The aim of this study is to identify hospitals that have implemented such strategies and determine factors influencing the implementation.Methods  We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EconLit for case studies on hospitalwide strategies aiming to increase quality and reduce costs. Additionally, grey literature databases, Google and selected websites were searched. We used inductive coding to identify factors relating to implementation of the strategies.Results  The literature search identified ۴۱۹۸ papers, of which our included ۱۷ papers describe ۱۹ case studies from five countries, mostly from the United States. To accomplish their goals, hospitals use different management strategies, such as continuous quality improvement (CQI), clinical pathways, Lean, Six Sigma and value-based healthcare (VBHC). Reported effects on both quality and costs are predominantly positive. Factors identified to be relevant for implementation were categorized in eleven themes: (۱) strategy, (۲) leadership, (۳) engagement, (۴) reorganization, (۵) finances, (۶) data and information technology (IT), (۷) projects, (۸) support, (۹) skill development, (۱۰) culture, and (۱۱) communication. Recurring barriers for implementation are a lack of physician engagement, insufficient financial support, and poor data collection.Conclusion  Hospital strategies that explicitly aim to provide high quality care at low costs may be a promising option to bend the cost curve while improving quality. We found a limited amount of studies, and varying contexts across case studies. This underlines the importance of integrated evaluation research. When implementing a quality enhancing, cost reducing strategy, we recommend considering eleven conditions for successful implementation that we were able to derive from the literature.

Scoping Review, Hospital Strategy, Quality Improvement, Cost Reduction, Implementation