Katharine D. Shelley - Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
Gasto Frumence - Department of Development Studies, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Rose Mpembeni - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
George Mwinnyaa - Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
Juliana Joachim - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Hawa Kadria Kisusi - Christian Social Services Commission, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Japhet Killewo - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Abdullah H. Baqui - Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
David H. Peters - Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
Asha S. George - School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

BackgroundCountries with health workforce shortages are increasingly turning to multipurpose community health workers (CHWs) to extend integrated services to the community-level. However, there may be tradeoffs with the number of tasks a CHW can effectively perform before quality and/or productivity decline. This qualitative study was conducted within an existing program in Iringa, Tanzania where HIV-focused CHWs working as volunteers received additional training on maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) promotion, thereby establishing a dual role CHW model. MethodsTo evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the combined HIV/MNCH CHW model, qualitative in-depth interviews (IDIs) with ۳۶ CHWs, ۲۱ supervisors, and ۱۰ program managers were conducted following integration of HIV and MNCH responsibilities (n = ۶۷). Thematic analysis explored perspectives on task planning, prioritization and integration, workload, and the feasibility and acceptability of the dual role model. Interview data and field observations were also used to describe implementation differences between HIV and MNCH roles as a basis for further contextualizing the qualitative findings. ResultsPerspectives from a diverse set of stakeholders suggested provision of both HIV and MNCH health promotion by CHWs was feasible. Most CHWs attempted to balance HIV/MNCH responsibilities, although some prioritized MNCH tasks. An increased workload from MNCH did not appear to interfere with HIV responsibilities but drew time away from other income-generating activities on which volunteer CHWs rely. Satisfaction with the dual role model hinged on increased community respect, gaining new knowledge/skills, and improving community health, while the remuneration-level caused dissatisfaction, a complaint that could challenge sustainability. ConclusionsDespite extensive literature on integration, little research at the community level exists. This study demonstrated CHWs can feasibly balance HIV and MNCH roles, but not without some challenges related to the heavier workload. Further research is necessary to determine the quality of health promotion in both HIV and MNCH domains, and whether the dual role model can be maintained over time among these volunteers.

Community Health Workers, Implementation Research, Integration, Tanzania, Workload