Ammar Azzawi - Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Iran

Different criteria for cross-cultural adaptation (CCA) exist, with some focused on technical translation, focus groups, and concepts. However, just two experiments and two quasi-experimental studies have compared different adaptation techniques. Back translation can be useful for communication with the person who prepared the original questionnaire, but it shouldn't be necessary. Expert panels and the target population's opinions are also very important. It is advised that researchers choose the most appropriate validated adaptation approach for the questionnaire. Validation and adaptation are two different processes that require careful execution by professionals with the necessary skills. If these approaches are applied well, could lead to conclusions and entirely reliable findings. More evidence is needed for the current CCA recommendations to be evidence-based rather than expert-based.

Cross-Cultural Studies, Adaptation, Questionnaire, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Psychological Validation