Dhulfiqar ayyed hamzah alnuwasir - Master's student in Sports Physiology of Mohaghegh Ardabili University
Reza Farzizadeh - Associate Professor of Sports Physiology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University

Lactate (La−) has long been at the center of controversy in research, clinical, and athletic settings. Lactate metabolism is an integral pathway in physical exercise. Numerous contrasting views exist regarding the physiological effects of lactate and its roles post production. This paper attempts to clarify and highlight the significance of lactate in exercise. La− is a readily combusted fuel that is shuttled throughout the body, and it is a potent signal for angiogenesis irrespective of oxygen tension. Despite this, many fundamental discoveries about La− are still working their way into mainstream research, clinical care, and practice. The purpose of this review is to synthesize current understanding of La− metabolism. Lactate production is associated with muscular fatigue; and is a major limitation in athletic performance. This fatigue is partially due to the production of H+ ions which depresses muscle functions. Lactate is transported in the skeletal muscles through plasma monocarboxylate transport (MCT) system and is utilized by muscles such as the heart and red muscles. It is also very important that the lactate produced to satisfy high energy demands is cleared from the muscles and metabolized by the liver or be utilized as an energy substrate. There is a marked positive correlation existing between adiposity and lactate production. Numerous physiological properties inclusive of adiposity, VO۲ max, lactate threshold and insulin sensitivity affect and regulate lactate production.

hypoxia, lactate, adiposity, VO۲ max, metabolism