Ateeq ul Rehman - Institute of Physics, Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur ۶۳۱۰۰, Pakistan
Hafiz Hammad Ahmed - Centre of Excellence in Solid-State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Bilal - Centre of Excellence in Solid-State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Shahbaz Afzal - Department of Physics, University of Education Lahore, DG Khan Campus ۳۲۲۰۰, Pakistan

The escalation in demand for sustainable energy sources has precipitated a substantial expansion within the solar photovoltaic industry, characterized by the prevalent use of silicon-based technologies. Nevertheless, recent progressions in cost-effective, high-efficiency, adaptable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rendered those increasingly appealing compared to conventional silicon counterparts. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in lead-based perovskite solar cells due to their exceptional efficiency and performance. This research is primarily focused on lead-based PSCs by simulating the experimental investigations with the FTO/TiO۲/MAPbX۳/Sprio-OMeTAD/Au device architecture. Employing MAPbI۳ and MAPbBr۳ as the active layers, in conjunction with the reliable TiO۲ and Spiro-OMeTAD serving as the charge transport layers, our study adopts the SCAPS-۱D simulation tool for a comprehensive analysis. Following a proximity analysis to the experimental work, the present study delves into exploring the impact of varying band gaps within the perovskite layers (MAPbX۳), alongside alterations in the thickness of the hole transport layer (HTL), electron transport layer (ETL), and perovskite layer (MAPbX۳), in addition to modifications in the incident light spectrum on the overall device performance. The outcomes reveal a notable decline in cell efficiency from ۸.۹۶% to ۴.۸۵% upon the integration of the MAPbBr۳ layer. Moreover, the correlation between our simulated results for different MAPbI۳ band gap values and experimental findings, demonstrating efficiencies of ۸.۹۶%, ۷.۷۶%, and ۶.۷۰%. The findings of this study will lay the foundation for the advancement of high-performance lead-based solar panels moving forward.

Perovskite Solar Cells (PSC), HTL, ETL, MAPbX۳