Soroush Afshar Ghahremani - Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Abbas Raisi - Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Sohrab Minaei Beirami - Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Houman Kahroba - Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Mahnaz Mardani - Department of Health and Nutrition, Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Omid Dezfoulian - Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Vahideh Tarhriz - Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA

Curcumin has been employed in traditional medicine for over a millennium to treat various ailments, and its global use is now widespread. Chinese medicine relies heavily on curcumin as a primary element and uses it to cure infectious diseases, skin disorders, depression, and stress. It has cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-diabetic properties, as well as pharmacological effects on disorders like type II diabetes, atherosclerosis, and human immunodeficiency virus replication. The anti-cancer activity of curcumin has been studied extensively with notable improvements in gastrointestinal, melanoma, urogenital, breast, and lung malignancies. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, c-Fos, and interleukin (IL)-۶ genes in brain and liver tissue owing to the effects of ketamine anesthesia on postnatal rats. The thalamic and hepatic tissues were collected without anesthesia, immediately after anesthesia, and ۴ and ۱۲ hr after anesthesia in control and curcumin treated postnatal rats. The results showed that glucose, triglyceride, high- and low-density lipoprotein levels were lowered with curcumin treatment. We also found that ketamine increased c-Fos and inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-۶, all of which contribute to inflammation. Brain and liver immunohistochemistry studies confirmed the real-time polymerase chain reaction findings. Curcumin injections alone may be effective in decreasing ketamine-induced inflammation in both brain and liver tissues.

brain, curcumin, Ketamine, Liver, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction