Noise Pollution in Metropolitan Cities: Sources, Effects, and Mitigation Strategies

Noise pollution is recognized as one of the challenges affecting human health and urban ecosystems. The main sources of noise pollution include road traffic, rail and air transport, industrial activities, and construction. These unwanted sounds not only cause discomfort but can also lead to hearing problems, sleep disorders, stress, anxiety, and even cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, noise pollution negatively affects animal behavior and biodiversity in urban areas. To mitigate noise pollution, various strategies have been proposed, including technical measures such as the use of sound-absorbing materials and road design, urban planning measures like green space development and traffic restrictions, legal measures including strict regulations, and participatory measures through public education and awareness. Modern technologies such as electric vehicles and intelligent noise control systems can also help reduce noise pollution. Successful experiences in cities like Tokyo, Copenhagen, and Singapore have shown that the use of sound barriers, promotion of public transport, and strict regulations can significantly reduce noise pollution and improve the quality of life for citizens. Challenges such as urbanization, financial and technical limitations, and lack of public awareness remain, but opportunities such as technological advancements, sustainable urban planning, and international cooperation can contribute to reducing noise pollution.

Keywords:

Noise pollution , human health , urban environment , urban planning