Saman Galalizade - University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Ramazan Heydari - Lecturer of PayamNoor University
Vafa Ghaemmaghami - MSc. Student of HSE, Aras campus, University of Tehran, Aras, Iran
Shaho Karami - Corresponding author University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Understanding the complex nature of the universe, the relationship between its components and processes has long been considered the major objective of the scientific discourses. Investigation of these relationships has been evolved and presented in the new scientific frameworks during the recent decades. This has led to the new explanation of the characteristics of universe. According to complexity theory, sources of complex processes and behaviors‘ of a system might be relying on the simple/repetitious actions of behaviors which might be turned into the complex phenomena in interaction with their environments. This paper is aimed at the development of a framework within which the agricultural activities and biodiversity can be explained in accordance with landscape sustainability. The results show that Global biodiversity decline has been a major consequence of both habitat loss and land conversion from complex to simplified landscapes under increasing agricultural intensification and complex agricultural landscapes are expected to harbor plant communities with higher species richness than simplified ones

Landscape Complexity, Agriculture, Biodiversity, ecological effectiveness, land-use