Mohammad Hossein Mohassel - MSc, Tabriz University
Masoud Hajialilu - Assistant professor , Tabriz Universitu
Habib Azarnya Shahgoli - M.S.c , Tabriz University

If the soil bearing capacity does not enough for use shallow foundations, piles will be used to build deep foundations. Piles are often submitted to strong horizontal forces, as for example inthe case of piles in the foundations of the bridges, high buildings, offshore structures, supportwalls and other structures. Such forces often arise from earthquakes; sea waves, action of winds, earth pressure in support-walls piles and in offshore structures from the flow of the water and thebraking of vehicles on the deck, and others. In the design of such pile foundations, two criteria must be satisfied: first an adequate factor of safety against ultimate failure; and second, an acceptable deflection under working loads [1]. Because of different values of loads on differentparts of structures, in addition to vertical piles, batter piles are used too. There are two kinds of batter pile: positive and negative. In state negative, pile get stretched load (Fig. 1) and in state positive, pile get compressing load (Fig. 2). Because of more resistance against static and cyclicloads, negative batter piles in fixed offshore structures are used. Behaviour of batter piles under lateral loading is an obvious sample of interaction soil-pile problems [2].

Batter pile, Lateral loading, PIV, Shear strain