Ali Olfati - Ph.D. Students of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
Gholamali Moghaddam - Professors, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
Mitra Bakhtiari - Assistant professor, Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.

Thin ewes or very over-conditioned ewes and ewes carrying multiple pregnancies are more likely to develop pregnancy toxemia (ketosis). Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia and hyperketonemia resulting from incapacity of the ewes to maintain adequate energybalance (usually in the last 5-6 weeks). Available information about pregnancy toxemia focuses mainly on pathogenic mechanisms and clinical features, early diagnosis, and therapeutic options. However, the pathophysiology and metabolic changes of this disorder remain poorly understood. An immediate andaccurate diagnosis usually increases the possibility for their successive treatment and prevention. The objective of this review was to increase awareness of the disease, its likely cause, and practical treatment and prevention measures

Diagnosis, Pregnancy toxemia, Prevention, Sheep, Treatment