Ramin Mazaheri Nezhad Fard - Rastegar Central Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
Seyed Milad Vahedi - Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
Fatemeh Mohammadkhan - Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran

Haemoplasmas contain Eperythrozoon and Haemobartonella species, which are widespread causes of animal and human infections. These obligatory cell parasites were previously known as Hemobartonella; now hemotropic mycoplasmas. These bacteria are identified by the lack of cell wall and their smallgenome. The usual diameter is between 0.3 and1μm. Mycoplasmasarepolymorphic and seen in circular or bar shape, which aggregate and form pinion teeth on the surface of RBCs. Despite the small genome of mycoplasmas, the GC content is 23 to 40%.The genome contains a circular double stranded DNA.Mycoplasmas are notable to grow on culture media. Animals are usually infected with the hidden form ofthe disease and hence become carriers and sources for the spread of the infection. Since these bacteria are difficult to grow, the common methods of diagnosis are cytology and microscopic examinations. Today, the most reliable and definitive method for the detection of haemoplasmas polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The most important way for the transmission of bacteria is the insect bite including ticks. Highdensity of hemotropic mycoplasmas causes RBC hemolysis and hence many symptoms including jaundice, lethargy, anemia, fever and acidosis. Mycoplasmas respond to antibiotic therapy. Effectiveantibiotics are available such as lincomycin, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and doxycycline.Hemoplasmas cause a wide range of diseases and play the role of a cofactor in many viral and neoplastic diseases. These diseases are common in many countries, including Iran.

Eperythrozoon, Haemobartonella, Mycoplasma, mandatory parasites, RBC