Static and Dynamic Transverse-Mode Control of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers using an improved quantum gain model

An opto-electro-thermal numerical model for index guided vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is developed considering the exact calculated value of quantum well (QW) gain, special hole burning, thermal lensing, and current spreading parameter. In this model, the coupled equations of the carrier diffusion, optical field, and heat generation are solved self-consistently in static and dynamic regime by finitedifference (FD) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), respectively. The inclusion of a temperature and carrier-density dependent refractive index, and its time dependency, allows us to study the evolution of the transverse optical field distributions under dynamic conditions.The simulation results show that decreasing temperature rise, current spreading, and index-guided aperture dimension, increase homogeneity of the injected carriers at the lasing region, and decreasing window diameter is an effective method to suppress high-order transverse modes