Natsuko Tokushige - Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Elizabeth II Research Institute for Mothers and Infants, University of Sydney, Australia
Moamar al-Jefout - Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Elizabeth II Research Institute for Mothers and Infants, University of Sydney, Australia
Hilmy Salih - Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Elizabeth II Research Institute for Mothers and Infants, University of Sydney, Australia
Ian S Fraser - Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Elizabeth II Research Institute for Mothers and Infants, University of Sydney, Australia

Endometriosis is a common gynaecological disease that can cause severe pelvic pain such as dysmenorrhoea and dyspareunia, however the mechanisms by which pain isgenerated are not well understood. Nerve fibres in endometriotic plaques have been reported by several authors. We have recently demonstrated the presence ofunmyelinated sensory nerve fibres (using the pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5) in the functional layer of endometrium in women with endometriosis and a significantlyincreased nerve fibre density in endometrium and myometrium in women with endometriosis compared with women without endometriosis. Sensory C nerve fibres were only detected in the functional layer of endometrium of women with endometriosisand never in women without endometriosis. This finding is so consistent that it may become an effective means of making the diagnosis of endometriosis. Nerve fibresexpressing a range of neuronal markers and an over-expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and nerve growth factor receptor (NGFRp75) were also demonstrated in peritoneal endometrial plaques in women with endometriosis. Effects of currentlyavailable medications for endometriosis on nerve fibres in eutopic endometrium in hormonally treated women have been also studied. This review will describe nervefibres in eutopic endometrium and ectopic endometriotic plaques in women with endometriosis.

Nerve fibres, Endometriosis, Endometrium, Diagnosis