گردشگری داوطلبانه بین المللی: مکانیسمی برای توسعه

Publish Year: 1395
نوع سند: مقاله کنفرانسی
زبان: Persian
View: 800

This Paper With 26 Page And PDF Format Ready To Download

  • Certificate
  • من نویسنده این مقاله هستم

استخراج به نرم افزارهای پژوهشی:

لینک ثابت به این Paper:

شناسه ملی سند علمی:

ATTITTDE02_162

تاریخ نمایه سازی: 11 مرداد 1396

Abstract:

مفهوم و عمل گردشگری داوطلبانه یک برایند متفاوتی را نسبت به گردشگری انبوه سنتی داشته است زیرا یک رویکردی است که وابستگی درونی توریسم را به فرهنگ و بوم شناسی جامعه میزبان تایید می کند. به علاوه، گردشگری داوطلبانهامکان کشف شیوه های بهبود پایداری توریسم را فراهم کرده و در صدد برطرف سازی یا اصلاح آثار منفی است. هم چنین، جوامع محلی فرصت استفاده از زیر ساخت ها را برای بهبود کارایی تولید خدمات یا کالاهای دیگر استفاده می کنند. گردشگری به کشور ها فرصت رشد اقتصادی را از طریق درامد حاصل از ورود مسافران خارجی می دهد. در نتیجه، توریسم تبدیل به یک منبع جایگزین رشد اقتصادی برای بسیاری از کشور ها شده است

Authors

بهارک معتمدوزیری

دکتری رشته آبخیز داری،استاد دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه علوم و تحقیقات تهران

شقایق خالدان

دانشجوی مقطع کارشناسی ارشد رشته مهندسی منابع طبیعی گرایش محیط زیست

مراجع و منابع این Paper:

لیست زیر مراجع و منابع استفاده شده در این Paper را نمایش می دهد. این مراجع به صورت کاملا ماشینی و بر اساس هوش مصنوعی استخراج شده اند و لذا ممکن است دارای اشکالاتی باشند که به مرور زمان دقت استخراج این محتوا افزایش می یابد. مراجعی که مقالات مربوط به آنها در سیویلیکا نمایه شده و پیدا شده اند، به خود Paper لینک شده اند :
  • Arnett, J.J. (2002), "The psychology of globa lization", American Psychologist, ...
  • Bakker, M. and Lamoureux, K. (2008), Volunteer Tourism _ International, ...
  • Baud-Bovy, N. (1982), «New COnCepts in planning for tourism and ...
  • Botes, L.a. and van Rensburg, D. (2000), "Community participation in ...
  • Bramwell, B. and Lane, _ (1993), «Sustainable tourism: An evolving ...
  • Brandon, K. (1993), «Basic steps towards encouraging local participation in ...
  • Briedenhann, J. and Wickens, E. (2004), «Tourism routes as a ...
  • Brohman, J. (1996), «New directions in tourism for Third World ...
  • Brown, S. and Lehto, X. (2005), "Travelling with a purpose: ...
  • Buendia, R.G. and Gonzalez, J.L. (1998), _ community participation really ...
  • Butcher, J. and Smith, P. (2010), "Making a Difference: Volunteer ...
  • Butler, R.W. (1990), «Alternative tourism: Pious hope or Trojan Horse?", ...
  • Cactus Volunteers Abroad (2010), Homepage, viewed 2/02/2010, available at: volunteers- ...
  • Callanan, N. and Thomas, S. (2005), «Volunteer tourism: Deconstructing volunteer ...
  • Carter, K.A., 2008, «Volunteer Tourism: An Exploration of the Perceptions ...
  • Cater, E., 1993, «Ecotourism in the Third World: problems for ...
  • Clifford, J., 1992, "Travelling cultures", in Grossberg, L., Nelson C. ...
  • Clifton, J. and Benson, A. (2006), "Planning for sustainable ecotourism: ...
  • Dernoi, L.A. (1988), «Alternative or _ munity-based tourism", in D'Amore, ...
  • nternational volunteering for development and susta inability: Outdated ا» , ...
  • Doan, T.M. (2000), «The effects of ecotourism in developing nations: ...
  • Dowling, R. (1993), «Tourism planning, people and the environment in ...
  • Ehrichs, L., 2000, _ lunteering' in Deve lopment: A Post-NModern ...
  • Erikson, E. (1959), "Identity and the Life Cycle" , Psychological ...
  • Erikson, E. (1968), Identity, Youth and Crisis, New York: Norton. ...
  • Faulkner, B. and Tideswell, C. (1997), «A framework for monitoring ...
  • Fennell, D.A. (2006), Tourism Ethics, Buffalo, NY: Channel View Publications. ...
  • Getz, D. (1986), «Tourism and population change: Long-term impacts of ...
  • Getz, D. (1987), «Tourism planning and research: traditions, models and ...
  • Getz, D. and Jamal, T. (1994), «The envi ro nment-comm ...
  • Gray, N.J. and Campbell, L.M. (2007), «A deco mmodifed experience? ...
  • Gunn, C.A. (1994), Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases, 3rd ed., ...
  • Hall, C.NM. and Williams, A.N. (eds) (2002), Tourism and Migration: ...
  • Hall, N. and Tucker, H. (2004), Tourism and Postcolo nialism ...
  • Hampton, N.P. (2005), "Heritage, local communities and economic deve lopment" ...
  • Hardy, A.L., Beeton, R.J.S. and Pearson, L. (2002), «Sustainable tourism: ...
  • Harrison, D. (1992), Tourism and the Less Developed Countries, London: ...
  • Harrison, D. (2004), «Tourism in Pacifc Islands" , The Journal ...
  • Holden, A. (2000), Environment and Tourism, London: Routledge. ...
  • Holden, A. (2003), «In need of new envi ronmenta _ ...
  • Holden, A. (2008), Environment and Tourism, 2nd ed., Oxon: Routledge. ...
  • Hunter, C. and Green, H. (1995), Tourism and the Environment: ...
  • nd ividualisation and _ styles of youth volunteering: An empirical ...
  • Inskeep, E. (1991), Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development ...
  • Jensen, L.A., (2003), "Coming of age in a multicultural world: ...
  • Jones, S. (2005), «Com m unity-based ecotourism: The signifcance of ...
  • Kim, Y.Y. and Gudykunst, W.B. (eds) (1987), Cross-cu Itural Adaptation: ...
  • Ko ntogeo rgopoulos, N. (2005), «Com m unity-based ecotourism in ...
  • Krippendorf, J. (1987), "Ecological approach to tourism marketing", Tourism Na ...
  • La Brack, B. (1985), «State of the Art Research on ...
  • Lea, J.P. (1993), «Tourism development ethics in the Third World" ...
  • Lepp, A. (2008), "Discovering self and discovering others through the ...
  • Journeys of Discovery in Volunteer Tourism: International Case Study Perspectives, ...
  • Liu, Z. (2003), «Sustainable tourism develo pment: A critique", Journal ...
  • MacCannell, D. (1973), "Staged authenticity: Arra ngements of social space ...
  • Macleod, D. (2004), Tourism, Globalisation and Cultural Change: An Island ...
  • st ed., Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications. Mathieson, A. and ...
  • London: Longman, Wiley. Matthews, J. and Sidhu, R. (2005), "Desperately ...
  • Mbaiwa, J.E., 2005, «The problems and prospects of sustainable tourism ...
  • McIntosh, A.J. and Zahra, A. (2007), «A cultural encounter through ...
  • Mieczkowski, Z. (1995), Envi ronmenta _ Issues of Tourism and ...
  • Mitchell, _ (2006), Revisiting Effective Re-Entry Programs for Returnees from ...
  • Mowforth, M. and Munt, I. (2003), Tourism and Sustaina bility: ...
  • Mukherjee, N. (1993), Participatory Rural Appraisal: Methodology and Applications, New ...
  • Murphy, P. (1988), "Community driven tourism planning" , Tourism Na ...
  • Nash, D. (1996), Anth ropology of Tourism, Oxford, England: Pergamon. ...
  • Prakash, G. (1994), «Postcolonial criticism and Indian h isto riography" ...
  • Prentice, R.C. (1993), «Comm unity-driven tourism planning and residents' prefe ...
  • Promburom, _ Klunklin, P. and Cha mpawalaya, S. (2009), "Community ...
  • Raymond, E. M. and Hall, C. N. (2008), «The development ...
  • Redclift, N. (1992), «The meaning of sustainable deve lopment" , ...
  • Rehberg, W. (2005), «Altruistic individualists: Notivations for international volunteering among ...
  • Rojek, C. and Urry, J. (1997), Touring Cultures: Tra nsformations ...
  • Scheyvens, R. (1999), «Ecotourism and the em powerment of local ...
  • Scheyvens, R. (2002), Tourism for Develo pment: Empowering Co mmunities, ...
  • Seibert, N. and Benson, A.M. (2009), «The Notivations of German ...
  • Simmons, D.G. (1994), "Community participation in tourism planning", Tourism N ...
  • Simpson, K. (2004), " Doing deve lopment': the gap year, ...
  • Sin, H.L. (2010), «Who are we responsible to? Locals' tales ...
  • Smith, V.L. (1989), Hosts and Guests: The Anth ropology of ...
  • Sofeld, T.H.B. (1991), «Sustainable ethnic tourism in the South Pacifc: ...
  • Sofeld, T.H.B. (2003), Em powerment for Sustainable Tourism Developme nt, ...
  • Sreekumar, T.T. and Parayil, G. (2002), «Contentions and CO ntradictions ...
  • Stoddart, H. and Rogerson, C.NM. (2004), «Volunteer tourism: The Case ...
  • Teo, P. (1994), "Assessing socio-cultural impacts: The case of Singapore" ...
  • Timothy, D.J. and loannides, D. (2002), «Tou r-operator hegemony: Dependency, ...
  • Tosun, C. and Timothy, D.J. (2003), "Arguments for community participation ...
  • Tourism Research and Marketing (TRAM) (2008), Volunteer Tourism: A Global ...
  • Uriely, N., Reichel, A. and Ron, A. (2003), «Vol unteering ...
  • Urry, J. (2000), Sociology beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-frst ...
  • Venn, C. (2002), «Altered states: post en lightenment cosmopolita nism ...
  • Wall, G. (1997), «Sustainable _ u rism-unsusta inable develo pment" ...
  • Wall, G. (2007), «Invited Commentary: Some thoughts on tourism planning", ...
  • Wearing, S.L. (2001a), "Exploring socio-cultural impacts on local COm munities" ...
  • Wearing, S.L. (2001b), Volunteer Tourism: Experiences that Make a Difference, ...
  • Wearing, S.L., Deville, A. and Lyons, K. (2008), «The volunteer's ...
  • Wearing, S.L. and Larsen, L. (1996), "Assessing and managing the ...
  • Wearing, S.L. and McDonald, N. (2002), «The development of COmm ...
  • Wearing, S.L. and McLean, J. (1997), Developing Ecotourism: Community Based ...
  • Wearing, S.L. and Neil, J. (1999), Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials, and ...
  • Wearing, S.L. and Wearing, N. (2006), «"Rereading the subjugating tourist" ...
  • wearing, S.L., Wearing, M. and McDonald, N. (2010), «U nderstanding ...
  • Wheeller, B., 1991, «Tourism's troubled times: Responsible tourism is not ...
  • Wight, P., 2001, «Ecotourists: Not a homogenous market segment", in ...
  • Williams, P., Singh, T. and Schluter, R. (2001), «Nountain ecotourism: ...
  • World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), Our Common ...
  • Zahra, A. and McIntosh, A.J. (2007), «Volunteer tourism: Evidence of ...
  • نمایش کامل مراجع