Recombinant Antibody and CAR‐T cell cancer Therapy

T cell therapy, which involves the adoptive transfer of tumor-antigen specific T lymphocytes into cancer patients, offers excellent opportunity for modern cancer therapy. Really CARs structure are composed of an antigen-specific single chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) that is linked via a spacer to the intracellular signal transduction domains derived from ζ chain of the TCR complex or γ chain from FcεRI. CAR-T Cell is a genetically modified autologous T-cell immunotherapy. Each dose is a customized treatment created with a patient’s own T-cells, which are collected and sent to a manufacturing center where they are genetically modified to include a new gene that contains a specific protein—a chimeric antigen receptor or CAR—that directs the T-cells to target and kill leukemia cells that have a specific antigen (CD19) on the surface. Once the cells are modified, they are infused back into the patient to kill the cancer cells. Fortunately CAR T-cells had demonstrated dramatic results in clinical trials in patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic cancers, who have limited or lack any therapeutic options. In some cases, one dose of the treatment has eradicated the disease. The overall remission rate was more than 85% in treated subjects. Based on these promising clinical trial results on August , 2017 , FDA approved the first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy that Novartis called it tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) for pediatric and young adult patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that is refractory or in second or later relapse. Recently on October, 2017 FDA approved the second T-cell therapy that uses chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology. Axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta, Kite Pharma) has received FDA approval for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) who are ineligible for autologous stem cell transplant. Kymriah is going to be introduced on the market at a price of $475,000 for a single infusion by Novartis.