Fatemeh Forouzanfar - Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Sajad Sahab Negah - Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Hassan Abasian - Epilepsy Research Center, Westf lische Wilhelms-Universit Münster, Robert-Koch- Strasse ۴۵, ۴۸۱۴۹ Münster, Germany
Ali Gorji - Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran

Introduction: Despite the many studies into the history of headache, the ways in which the headache is treated in medieval Persia are not well known in the west.Methods: Several documents still exist from which the definitions and treatments of headache in medieval Persia can be ascertained. Results: These documents give detailed information about definitions, diagnostic and aetiological classification, basic mechanisms, treatment and general recommendations of headache. The medieval doctors listed various signs and symptoms, apparent causes, and hygienic and dietary rules for prevention of headaches. The medieval writings are both accurate and vivid, and they provide long lists of substances used in the treatment of headaches. Conclusion: The efficacy of some traditional persian headache treatments, such as theanalgesic effect of myrrh, saffron, henna, camphor, and Artemisia has been proved by modern medicine; however, most remain largely unexamined. This information helps us to understand the development of neuroscience in the middle ages.

Headache, Traditional medicine, Herbal medicine