Smoking have a genetic predisposition and effect on infertility in women

The high prevalence of smoking among women in their reproductive years continues to be a matter of concern. The negative effects of smoking on general health are familiar, but smoking may also affect fertility. About, 30% of women of reproductive age and 35% of men of reproductive age in the United States smoke cigarettes. In recent years, we have learned more about the role that genes play in the development of nicotine dependence. Studies show, that the strongest genetic contribution to smoking-related traits comes from variation in the nicotinic receptor subunit genes. Nicotinic receptor gene cluster on chromosome 15q25. Many other genes, including those coding for enzymes involved in nicotine metabolism, also have been implicated. Therefore, it seems advisable to encourage the male to quit smoking before the attempt to conceive. Smoking is a familiar, risk factor of reproductive health. Available biologic, experimental, and epidemiological data indicate that up to 13% of infertility may be attributable to cigarette smoking. Smoking appears to accelerate the loss of reproductive function and may advance the time of menopause by 1 to 4 years. Currently, available evidence suggested a causal association between maternal smoking and reduced fertility. Some investigators reported that paternal smoking had a harmful effect on fecundity, but this was not confirmed by others. Interestingly, in a study of Chinese rural area shows husbands’ smoking was associated with couples’ infertility. We also observed a dose-response relationship that the associations increased with the increasing years of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and the total consumption of cigarettes.

Keywords:

Smoking , Genetic predisposition , Infertility of women