The Pre Analytical Phase: Precautions in Specimen Collection and Patient Preparation for Trace and Ultra Trace Elements Analysis

Pre analytical factors are probably the most important causes of erroneous trace element reference data inbiological matrices today and the development of sensitive , specific, and accurate analytical technology at anacceptable cost has moved determination of trace and ultra trace elements from research facilities into a widerange of clinical laboratories. Besides, expanding knowledge of trace element nutrition and toxicity hasincreased clinical demand for these assays. However, with increased sensitivity and lower limits of detection theproblem of specimen contamination with the element of interest has been magnified. It is vital that theaccurately determined trace element concentration to reflect the condition of the patient and not contaminationintroduced during collection and handling. In the following paper, the concept of pre analytical factors that cancontribute to trace and ultra trace elements concentration are discussed. In addition, specific percussions forcollecting different sample types and special considerations in patient preparations and sample types forspecific Trace and Ultra Trace Elements analysis are addressed.