Mehrnaz Moattari - Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
Farhnaz Moattari - Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
Gholamreza Kaka - Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Background and Aim : The gut microbiota is defined as all microorganisms including yeasts and bacteria and their respective genetic material in the GI tract that have been applied as supplements to other medications or as alternative treatments for patients suffering from nerve injuries. This review focused on the possible effects of probiotics in treatment of nerve injuries.Methods : This literature review is based on English-language articles sourced from PubMed without date limitation using the following terms. Microbiom composition, Nerve injury, Probiotics, Spinal cord injury.Results : The association between microbiota and nerve injuries is reported by mediation of spinal cord. In the super systems which is referred to spinal cord, intestine and immune system, the microbiom composition in the intestine is reported to be changed after thoracic spinal cord injury as follows. Alternations in the sequencing of 16s rRNA showed reduction in filum Bacteroidetes, enhancement of filum Firmicutes as major bacterial taxa and a mild change in Anaeroplasmatales, Turicibacterales, and Lactobacillales as minor bacterial taxa.Conclusion : Gut dysbiosis following nerve injuries varies at different times, also depends on level and severity of injuries. Since nutrition has an important role in the gut microbioata composition, possible utility of approved probiotics including natural sources such as yogurt, kefir, or sauerkraut can be effective and accessible treatments would benefit millions of people who suffer from nerve injuries globally. The mechanism can be explained by a reduction in differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th2 cells, and inhibition of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α.

Nerve injury, Probiotics, Spinal cord injury