An Interaction between 3A Approach of Entrepreneurship and International Trade: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries

In the relevant literature, there has been a lack of discussion to focus particularly on the relationship between entrepreneurship and international trade. It is more restricted when one intends to seek an interaction between international trade and the indexes of the 3A approach of entrepreneurship, including entrepreneurial attitude, activities and aspirations which are collected from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The implication is that a change in trade causes more entrepreneurial opportunity to firms, while an innovation by them should lead to comparative advantage of an activity, which can be a reason for trade promotion. This study thus aims to explore the effects of three key components of entrepreneurship arising from the 3A approach of entrepreneurship on trade flows in 10 Asian countries (Iran, China, South Korea, Pakistan, Malaysia, Turkey, Japan, Russia, United Arab Emirates and Thailand) that are members of the GEM. Employing econometric methods, we test a causality relation between trade and the indexes of entrepreneurship, and then estimate an augmented trade gravity model  by using panel data and applying the GEM cross-national data during the period 2008- 2018. The empirical results have confirmed that there is an interacted causality between trade and entrepreneurship patterns in 10 selected Asian countries during the period. JEL Classification: L26, P33, P44, F10

Keywords:

Entrepreneurhip , 3A Approach , Gem , Trade Model , Asia