Probiotics and their mechanisms of action in preventing and treatingcolorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers known in the world. the prevalence of this diseaseis higher in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and North America and less frequent in is caused by theuncontrollable growth of colon or rectal cells. The risk factors for cancer increase with genetic,epigenetic, and environmental factors. Genetic risk factors include type ۲ diabetes, family history ofcancer, and history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They become problematic in the long run.Environmental factors of cancer include lifestyle, improper diet, obesity, alcohol, smoking, lack ofexercise, consumption of fatty and processed foods, red meat, reduction of fiber consumption, and gutmicrobiome dysbiosis. A microbiome is a group of microorganisms living in the digestive tract that has asymbiotic relationship with the host. these microorganisms are effective in regulating the host´s metabolicpathway and immune system, in other words, probiotics are a number of living microorganisms that, ifconsumed sufficiently, have beneficial effects on the host's health. The general mechanism of probioticsincludes reducing blood cholesterol, lowering blood pressure, improving the function of the immunesystem, treating diarrhea caused by antibiotic use, reducing the inflammation of disease, reducing thesymptoms of the destruction of the immune system, and delaying the symptoms of antibiotic use,delaying the signs of aging and reducing sensitivity. The body is more sensitive to allergens, improvingIBD, increasing the function of the intestinal biological barrier by producing mucin, inhibiting bacteria,pathogens, and inhibiting cancer. Postbiotics obtained from probiotics include various metabolites such asshort-chain fatty acids, exopolysaccharides, vitamins, enzymes, peptides, teichoic acids, andplasmalogens that cause useful functions in the host´s body. The use of prebiotics (fibers found in food) isuseful as a substrate and stimulant for the growth of probiotics. By choosing the right prebiotic, probioticsbreak down and digest them and provide better conditions to inhibit pathogens. Therefore, the synergisticcombination of probiotics and prebiotics increases the function of the human immune system. Thesecompounds make probiotics last longer, especially the microbiome of the digestive tract. Establishinghomeostasis and health of the human body. In order to treat colorectal cancer, several methods such aschemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy has been used, but each of these methods has manyside effects and causes many problems for the individual, therefore probiotics have been used for years. Itis widely used in the food industry and due to the safety of these compounds, it has recently beenconsidered to treat and reduce the symptoms of many diseases such as cancer. The purpose of this study isto investigate the different mechanisms of probiotics and their metabolites in the treatment andimprovement of the symptoms of colorectal cancer

Keywords:

Colorectal cancer , Prebiotic , Probiotic , , Postbiotic