Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

In recent times, regenerative medicine and drug research have made significant progress with the help of tissue engineering. During the initial stages of the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, scaffolds made of polyglycolide, polylactide, and their copolymers were commonly used. Despite being considered clinically acceptable, readily available, processable, and offering a generally recognized biological response, these biomaterials also had deficiencies, including defective cell proliferation and differentiation, low mechanical strength, and inefficient manufacturing.In order to construct complex vital tissues or provide artificial organs, three-dimensional (۳D) bio-printing offers a promising and innovative biofabrication strategy for scaffold fabrication that allows for the precise placement of living cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, biochemical agents, and biomaterials. As opposed to traditional scaffold fabrication methods, ۳D bio-printing allows more precise control over cell distribution and mimics the complex microstructures of biological tissues. The ۳D bio-printing process is better than traditional scaffold fabrication at mimicking the complex microstructures of biological tissues and precisely controlling the distribution of cells.These ۳D bio-printing methods make it possible to quickly create scaffolds with high precision and control over size, porosity, and shape, making them ideal for tissue engineering, biomedical, and regenerative medicine applications. There are four different types of ۳D bio-printing processes: (۱) laser-based bio-printing; (۲) droplet-based bio-printing (which includes inkjet bio-printing, bio-printing based on electrohydrodynamic jetting (EHD-jetting), acoustic bio-printing, and microvalve bio-printing); (۳) extrusion-based bio-printing; and (۴) stereolithography bio-printing. Despite the many challenges it faces, ۳D bio-printing is a sophisticated method for creating ۳D creatures suited for human tissue.