Evaluation of Rat Brain Morphology Following the Induction of Acute Meningitis Treated with Ceftriaxone

The soft and delicate tissue of the brain, which is the center of our coordination, is protected by its surrounding layers. The disruption of these layers results in complicated situations and serious health problems. The brain has three protective layers of bone or skull tissue, the blood tissue layer, and finally the meningeal layer. The layer of blood tissue contains the blood vessels that are located between the skull and the meningeal membranes. If germs or foreign matter enter the fluid through the blood vessels under any circumstances and cause infection, the bones that protect the meninges will break and cause tissue damage. The present study aimed to assess the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the brain of rats that underwent induced acute purulent pneumococcal meningitis after antibiotic therapy with Ceftriaxone. A number of ۲۰ white adult male Wistar rats were assigned to three groups. The first group (n=۵) regarded as the control were injected with a saline solution into the subarachnoid space in an equivalent amount. The second and third groups of rats (n=۵ and ۱۰, respectively) were infected with acute purulent meningitis by the injection of ۱۰ μl of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumonia) suspension into the subarachnoid space of the brain using a ۲۳-G needle. The various areas of the brains of rats after meningitis induced by S. pneumoniae were examined after the treatment with Ceftriaxone. The S. pneumoniae culture was injected into the subarachnoid space in the area of the rhomboid fossa. Treatment started ۱۸ h after the injection. On day ۱۰, a repeated puncture was performed with the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in order to confirm the absence of meningitis; thereafter, the animals were taken out of the experiment. No signs of meningitis were found on histological examination. Mild perivascular and pericellular focal edema were revealed with signs of overload of the lymphatic system in the brain and focal ischemic changes in neurons. The investigation of expression with caspase-۳ revealed a positive reaction of individual neurons. A positive reaction with antibodies to NeuN and Doublecortin was detected in most neurons; moreover, Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes and their processes were visualized in all layers of the brain substance. The reaction with neuron-specific enolase (NSE), microtubule-associated protein ۲ (MAP-۲), CD ۳۱, and CD ۳۴ was negative. Typical structure and pictures pointed to an intact brain and purulent meningitis in the first and second groups. The microscopic image and the changes revealed during immunohistochemistry by dual corticosteroid antibodies and neuronal nuclear protein were characterized by predominantly cytoplasmic and perinuclear reactions, respectively. Some neurons are positive for caspase-۳ and are related to changes in the characteristic of premature aging.

Keywords:

Acute meningitis , Ceftriaxone , Immunohistochemical markers , Brain of rats