stress,neurotransmitter and body-brain integration

The brain is the organ of the body that integrates and processes sensory information as a result of which behaviorand autonomic responses are organized. Stress can be defined as a brain–body reaction towards stimuli arisingfrom the environment (a threat or potential threat) or from internal cues such as memory. Stress, therefore, is aprocess that contributes to the recovery of homeostasis and as a result of which this brain–body integration mostclearly occurs.The main physiological mechanisms that organize the response to a stressful situation involve notonly the activity of several specific areas of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala,hippocampus, nucleus accumbens (NAc), and hypothalamus, but also the integrated activity and interactionamong those areas through a constant feedback process and through the release of specific neurotransmitters andneuromodulators.MethodologyWe explored databases of PubMed and Google Scholar and identified articles that were published between ۱۹۹۵and ۲۰۲۳ with these keywords: "Stress " "CNS" "Neurotransmitters" "Brain-body integration" and "psychology"Then we chose about ۶۰ articles and we deleted some of them by our scope.Discussion and ConclusionStressful events can lead to immediate and marked impairments in working memory, an executive function thatdepends on a balanced neurochemical state in the PFC. Research in non-human primates and rodents has shownthat this impairment is driven by increased catecholamine signaling, which may be further modulated orexacerbated by changes in steroid hormone levels. Beyond stress, this work has provided critical insight into themechanisms that underlie PFC function in general, and the potential for clinical application is substantial.Numerous mental illnesse including Major Depressive Disorder, PTSD, Schizophrenia, and AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD]are characterized by PFC dysfunction, and the pathways elucidated by theanimal research described here are currently being targeted in pharmacological therapies.

Keywords:

tress , Neurotransmitters , CNS , Amygdala , Hippocampus