The Impact of Conflict on Immunisation Coverage in ۱۶ Countries

Publish Year: 1398
نوع سند: مقاله ژورنالی
زبان: English
View: 49

This Paper With 11 Page And PDF Format Ready To Download

  • Certificate
  • من نویسنده این مقاله هستم

استخراج به نرم افزارهای پژوهشی:

لینک ثابت به این Paper:

شناسه ملی سند علمی:

JR_HPM-8-4_004

تاریخ نمایه سازی: 18 مرداد 1403

Abstract:

Background Military conflict has been an ongoing determinant of inequitable immunisation coverage in many low- and middle-income countries, yet the impact of conflict on the attainment of global health goals has not been fully addressed. This review will describe and analyse the association between conflict, immunisation coverage and vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) outbreaks, along with country specific strategies to mitigate the impact in ۱۶ countries.   Methods We cross-matched immunisation coverage and VPD data in ۲۰۱۴ for displaced and refugee populations. Data on refugee or displaced persons was sourced from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) database, and immunisation coverage and disease incidence data from World Health Organization (WHO) databases. Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) databases provided additional data on national and sub-national coverage. The ۱۶ countries were selected because they had the largest numbers of registered UNHCR “persons of interest” and received new vaccine support from Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunisation (GAVI), the Vaccine Alliance. We used national planning and reporting documentation including immunisation multiyear plans, health system strengthening strategies and GAVI annual progress reports (APRs) to assess the impact of conflict on immunisation access and coverage rates, and reviewed strategies developed to address immunisation program shortfalls in conflict settings. We also searched the peer-reviewed literature for evidence that linked immunisation coverage and VPD outbreaks with evidence of conflict.   Results We found that these ۱۶ countries, representing just ۱۲% of the global population, were responsible for ۶۷% of global polio cases and ۳۹% of global measles cases between ۲۰۱۰ and ۲۰۱۵. Fourteen out of the ۱۶ countries were below the global average of ۸۵% coverage for diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT۳) in ۲۰۱۴. We present data from countries where the onset of conflict has been associated with sudden drops in national and sub-national immunisation coverage. Tense security conditions, along with damaged health infrastructure and depleted human resources have contributed to infrequent outreach services, and delays in new vaccine introductions and immunisation campaigns. These factors have in turn contributed to pockets of low coverage and disease outbreaks in sub-national areas affected by conflict. Despite these impacts, there was limited reference to the health needs of conflict affected populations in immunisation planning and reporting documents in all ۱۶ countries. Development partner investments were heavily skewed towards vaccine provision and working with partner governments, with comparatively low levels of health systems support or civil partnerships.   Conclusion Global and national policy and planning focus is required on the service delivery needs of conflict affected populations, with increased investment in health system support and civil partnerships, if persistent immunisation inequities in conflict affected areas are to be addressed.

Authors

John Grundy

College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Services, Cairns Campus, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia

Beverley-Ann Biggs

Department of Medicine, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

مراجع و منابع این Paper:

لیست زیر مراجع و منابع استفاده شده در این Paper را نمایش می دهد. این مراجع به صورت کاملا ماشینی و بر اساس هوش مصنوعی استخراج شده اند و لذا ممکن است دارای اشکالاتی باشند که به مرور زمان دقت استخراج این محتوا افزایش می یابد. مراجعی که مقالات مربوط به آنها در سیویلیکا نمایه شده و پیدا شده اند، به خود Paper لینک شده اند :
  • United States Agency for International Development (USAID). ۲۰۱۷ Demographic and ...
  • Hussain SF, Boyle P, Patel P, Sullivan R. Eradicating polio ...
  • Mashal T, Nakamura K, Kizuki M, et al. Impact of ...
  • Bagcchi S. Inadequate vaccine coverage fuels polio outbreak in Ukraine. ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). ۲۰۱۷ Vaccine Preventable Disease Data base; ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Disease Incidence Data, ۲۰۱۷. WHO website. ...
  • Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunisation (GAVI). ۲۰۱۷ Country Hub. ...
  • National Institutes for Health. PubMed database. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Accessed September ۹, ...
  • Nnadi C, Etsano A, Uba B, et al. Approaches to ...
  • Shuaibu FM, Birukila G, Usman S, et al. Mass immunization ...
  • Senessie C, Gage GN, von Elm E. Delays in childhood ...
  • Peyraud N, Quéré M, Duc G۱, et al. A post-conflict ...
  • de Lima Pereira A, Southgate R, Ahmed H, O’Connor P, ...
  • Silwal RC, Jimba M, Poudyal AK, Poudel KC, Wakai S. ...
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). ۲۰۱۷ Population Statistics. ...
  • Data Sourced from: DHS Statcompiler. STATcompiler website. https://www.statcompiler.com/en/. Accessed January ...
  • Medecines San Frontieres (MSF) Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): Ongoing ...
  • Demographic and Health Survey Pakistan ۲۰۱۲-۲۰۱۳. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR۲۹۰/FR۲۹۰.pdf. Accessed September ۱۵, ...
  • British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News. Africa. BBC News website. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-۳۷۷۵۹۷۴۹. ...
  • Conflict in Yemen: Simple People, Complicated Circumstances Lucas Winter. Middle ...
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). Country Profile Ukraine. http://www.who.int/immunisation/monitoring_surveillance/data/ukr.pdf. Accessed September ...
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). Country Profile Yemen. http://www.who.int/immunisation/monitoring_surveillance/data/yem.pdf. Accessed September ...
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). Country Profile South Sudan. http://www.who.int/immunisation/monitoring_surveillance/data/ssd.pdf. Accessed ...
  • World Bank. ۲۰۱۷ Population Data. World Bank website. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL. Accessed ...
  • WHO UNICEF. Afghanistan Polio Update October to December ۲۰۱۶. http://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/AFG/۲۰۱۶/Afg_Polio_oct_dec_۲۰۱۶_۱۹۳۵۳.pdf?ua=۱. ...
  • Polio Global Eradication Initiative Afghanistan. http://polioeradication.org/where-we-work/afghanistan/. Accessed September ۸, ۲۰۱۸ ...
  • Gouandjika-Vasilache I, Mazitchi A, Gumede N, et al. Wild Poliovirus ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Poliomyelitis in Chad. WHO website. http://www.who.int/csr/don/۲۰۱۱_۰۶_۱۰a/en/. ...
  • World Health Organisation. Poliomyelitis in Chad http://www.who.int/csr/don/۲۰۱۱_۰۶_۱۰a/en/. Accessed September ۸, ...
  • Government of Cote D’Ivoire. Multi Year Plan for Immunisation ۲۰۰۷–۲۰۱۱ ...
  • UNICEF. Civil Rest has been an Ally in Emergence of ...
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). Wild poliovirus in Côte d’Ivoire. http://www.who.int/csr/don/۲۰۱۱_۰۴_۲۱a/en/. ...
  • United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) ...
  • World Health Organisation. Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type ۲ – Democratic ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Ethiopia Country Programmes – Polio. World ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). POLIO Eradication in ETHIOPIA Progress in ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Ethiopia launches the ۱st round synchronized ...
  • WHO: ۲۰۱۳ Wild Polio Virus in the Horn of Africa. ...
  • UNICEF. Myanmar Media Release. https://www.unicef.org/myanmar/media_۲۴۹۴۳.html. Accessed January ۲۱, ۲۰۱۷ ...
  • END Polio. Polio in Pakistan. END Polio Pakistan website. http://www.endpolio.com.pk/polioin-pakistan. ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Summary of poliovirus circulation in ۲۰۱۶ ...
  • Polio Eradication Initiative. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/۲۰۱۶/۰۹/۲۰۱۶۰۹۰۶_AppealNigeria.pdf. Accessed September ۴, ۲۰۱۶ ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Wild polio and vaccine derived polio ...
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Polio outbreak in Somalia continues ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type ۲ – ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Poliovirus in South Sudan and Madagascar. ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Polio Eradication Initiative Sudan. WHO website. ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Polio in Sudan – high risk ...
  • UNICEF. Two million Ugandan children targeted for polio immunisations. UNICEF ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus – Ukraine. WHO ...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Health Situation in Yemen and WHO ...
  • Akil L, Ahmad HA. The recent outbreaks and reemergence of ...
  • Government of North Sudan. National Ministry of Health Multi Year ...
  • GAVI. Government of South Sudan Health System Strengthening Strategy ۲۰۱۳. ...
  • GAVI. Government of Afghanistan Health System Strengthening Strategy ۲۰۱۵. Global ...
  • GAVI. Government of Pakistan Health System Strengthening Strategy ۲۰۱۶. Global ...
  • GAVI. Government of South Sudan Health System Strengthening Strategy ۲۰۱۴. ...
  • Government of South Sudan. Annual Progress Report to GAVI ۲۰۱۴. ...
  • GAVI. Government of Afghanistan Multi Year Plan for Immunisation ۲۰۱۱-۲۰۱۵. ...
  • GAVI. Government of Yemen Annual Progress Report to GAVI ۲۰۱۴. ...
  • GAVI. Government of Kenya Annual Progress Report to GAVI ۲۰۱۴. ...
  • GAVI. Government of Union of Myanmar Multi Year Plan for ...
  • GAVI. Nigeria Multi Year Plan for Immunisation ۲۰۰۶-۲۰۱۰ (updated ۲۰۱۳). ...
  • GAVI. Independent Review Committee (IRC) Committee Report New Proposals June-July ...
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF): Côte d’Ivoire. Civil unrest has ...
  • Nighat JN. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in Pakistan. ...
  • HealthMap. At Least Nine Polio Workers Killed in Nigeria. HealthMap ...
  • GAVI. Somalia Health System Strengthening Strategy. Global Alliance for Vaccine ...
  • GAVI. Government of North Sudan Health System Strengthening Strategy. Global ...
  • GAVI. Government of the Union of Myanmar Health System Strengthening ...
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). Ukraine conflict: upholding the right to ...
  • Republic of Central Africa Ministry of Health. Multi Year Plan ...
  • Government of Afghanistan. Health System Strengthening Strategy ۲۰۱۵. https://www.gavi.org/country/afghanistan/documents/.Accessed September ...
  • Government of Yemen. Health System Strengthening Strategy ۲۰۱۴. https://www.gavi.org/country/yemen/documents/. Accessed ...
  • UNICEF. World Food Program Rapid Response mechanism South Sudan. https://www.unicef.org/appeals/files/WFP_UNICEF_RRM_One_Year_Report.pdf. ...
  • GAVI. Democratic Republic of Congo DRC Annual Progress Report to ...
  • GAVI. Policy on Fragility and Immunisation. Global Alliance for Vaccine ...
  • GAVI. On the frontline: Gavi’s support to fragile states. https://www.gavi.org/library/news/gavi-features/۲۰۱۶/on-the-frontlinegavi-s-support-to-fragile-states/. ...
  • GAVI. Health Equity. Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunisation website. ...
  • WHO, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), UNICEF and Gates Foundation. ...
  • Kennedy J, Michailidou D. Civil War, Contested Sovereignty, and the ...
  • The Lancet. The Weaponization of Health Care: Using people’s need ...
  • Abimbola S, Malik AU, Mansoor GF. The Final Push for ...
  • Chee G, Pielemeier N, Lion A, Connor C. Why differentiating ...
  • نمایش کامل مراجع