A Comprehensive Review of Hybrid LED–Laser Underwater Optical Communication Networks with SiPM/APD Photodiode Receivers

This review presents an integrative examination of hybrid LED–laser underwater optical communication networks with SiPM and APD photodiode receivers. It provides a comprehensive overview of key technologies, current challenges, and future research directions in this field. The paper explores transmitter and receiver technologies, underwater channel challenges, and emerging research directions. Findings highlight that combining LEDs' robustness with lasers' high data throughput enhances underwater link performance, supported by advancements in photodiode sensitivity and AI-driven adaptive mesh network frameworks. Critical reflections emphasize persistent challenges in real-world applicability, scalability, and standardization, alongside environmental concerns. The article concludes that hybrid optical systems offer transformative potential for underwater data communications across scientific, industrial, and environmental domains, urging further multidisciplinary efforts for practical system realization.۱۲, ۳,۴, ۵

Keywords:

Adaptive Mesh Networks , Avalanche Photodiode (APD) , Hybrid Optical Transceivers , Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) , Underwater Channel Modeling , Underwater Optical Wireless Communication.