The Role of Risk Assessment in ICU Nosocomial Infection Management: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Outcomes and Biomarker Dynamics

Background: Nosocomial infections remain a significant challenge in intensive care units (ICUs), contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Emerging evidence suggests that structured risk assessment strategies may not only improve infection control but also modulate inflammatory and immune responses.Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, querying PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies published through ۲۰۲۵. Eligible studies evaluated risk assessment tools or protocols in ICU settings and reported on outcomes including infection incidence, clinical parameters, and biomarker levels (e.g., inflammatory cytokines).Results: The integration of structured risk assessment frameworks into ICU infection prevention protocols is associated with substantial benefits. These include reduced infection rates, improved clinical outcomes, and favorable alterations in key biomarker profiles, indicating a potential systemic immunomodulatory effect.Conclusion: Implementing risk assessment in ICU infection control is advantageous for both clinical outcomes and biomarker patterns. Future research should focus on longitudinal biomarker monitoring and the development of personalized, dynamic risk assessment models to further optimize prevention strategies.

Keywords:

ICU , hospital-acquired infection , Risk Evaluation , inflammatory biomarkers , CHI۳L۱ , Strem-۱ , Adrenomedullin