A Review on Flame-Retardant Polymers with Emphasis on Self-Healing Systems for Fire Safety in Buildings and Transportation

Flame-retardant (FR) polymers are increasingly vital in modern construction and transportation due to their role in enhancing fire safety. This review presents an overview of various FR polymeric systems, including additive- and reactive-type flame retardants, and their performance in building insulation and vehicle interiors. Particular emphasis is placed on halogen-free systems, intumescent coatings, and synergistic formulations involving nanocomposites. Furthermore, emerging advancements in self-healing flame-retardant polymers are explored, which offer the dual benefit of damage recovery and sustained flame resistance in harsh environments. The integration of such smart materials marks a new era in fire-safe design by extending the service life and reliability of polymeric components under thermal stress. Challenges and future directions are discussed regarding environmental sustainability, recyclability, and compliance with stringent fire safety standards.

Keywords:

Fire safety , Flame-retardant polymers , Building materials , Transportation industry , Halogen-free flame retardants , Nanocomposites , FR