Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Polyaniline Nanostructures: An Analysis of Advances, Performance Challenges, and the Outlook for Smart Systems

Polyaniline (PANI), as a leading conductive polymer, serves as a fundamental platform for a new generation of electrochemical biosensors owing to its tunable electroactive properties, biocompatibility, and stability. Recent advances in nanotechnology, particularly the use of nanostructures like nanofibers, have enabled the engineering of substrates with exceptionally high specific surface area, which dramatically improves sensor performance. However, despite the high potential of this technology, key challenges such as long-term electrochemical stability and fabrication reproducibility remain significant barriers to commercialization. This review article, while examining the latest advances in the design and application of PANI nanocomposite-based biosensors, provides a critical analysis of their performance. Whereas previous reviews have extensively covered the general applications of polyaniline, this paper specifically focuses on the decisive role of electrospun nanostructures in enhancing sensitivity, lowering the limit of detection, and overcoming functional challenges. In this context, the performance of various sensors for key analytes is compared and analyzed using comparative tables. Finally, by linking existing challenges to emerging solutions, the future outlook for the field is outlined towards smart, self-calibrating biosensing systems.

Keywords:

Polyaniline , Electrochemical Biosensor , Nanofibers , Electrospinning , Critical Analysis , Smart Systems