Electrochemical Biosensors: A Comprehensive Review on Types and the Role of Nanotechnology

Electrochemical biosensors, which convert biochemical events into measurable electrical signals, have become indispensable analytical tools in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the four main types of electrochemical biosensors—amperometric, potentiometric, impedimetric, and conductometric—and highlights how advances in nanotechnology have significantly enhanced their analytical performance. Nanomaterials such as graphene, MXenes, carbon black, and hybrid nanocomposites have revolutionized sensitivity, selectivity, and miniaturization potential. Furthermore, developments in flexible substrates, ۳D-printed electrodes, and wearable platforms have expanded the scope of electrochemical biosensors toward personalized and real-time monitoring. The paper concludes with a discussion of current challenges and future perspectives, emphasizing the integration of nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and microfluidics for next-generation intelligent biosensing systems.

Keywords:

Electrochemical biosensor , Amperometric , Potentiometric , Impedimetric , Conductometric , Nanomaterials , Graphene , MXene , Wearable sensors , Bioelectronics