Comparative Analysis of Public Goods Provision and Consumption Systems in Metropolitan Regions

The present article aims to analyze and compare the distinct characteristics of six prevalent governance models in various metropolitan regions from the perspective of public goods provision and consumption. These models include the integrated governance model, special district governance model, polycentric competitive governance model, voluntary inter-municipal agreement governance model, state-transferred functions governance model, and two-tier governance model. The comparison is based on key criteria such as the decentralization of power and decision-making processes, economies of scale, capacity for ensuring social equity, the ability of cities to control public goods externalities, and pressures on regional resources. Each metropolitan region possesses unique socio-geographical conditions, influencing the applicability of these governance models. Therefore, a standardized approach cannot be uniformly applied across all metropolitan regions within a country. Moreover, due to the dynamic and evolving nature of metropolitan regions, the efficiency of any governance model may diminish over time, potentially leading to governance failures. Urban planners and policymakers must continuously assess these criteria and align governance models with the specific conditions of metropolitan regions. This requires a flexible and adaptive approach, ensuring the seamless transition from one governance model to another as regional conditions evolve.

Keywords:

Public Goods , Justice , Efficiency , Metropolitan Regions