Investigation of electromagnetic soliton in the Cairns–Tsallis model for plasma

The nonlinear Schro¨dinger equation (NLS) thatdescribes the propagation of high intensity laser pulsethrough plasma is obtained by employing the multiplescales technique. One of the arresting solution for NLSequation is soliton like envelope for vector potential that iscalled electromagnetic soliton. The type and amplitude ofelectromagnetic soliton (EM) depends on the distributionfunction of plasma’s particles. In this paper, distributionfunction of electrons obey the Cairns–Tsallis model andions are assumed as stationary background. There are twoflexible parameters, affect on the formation of EM soliton.By variation of nonextensive and nonthermal parameters,bright soliton could convert to dark one or versus. Due topositive kinetic energy, there are the limited region fornonextensive and nonthermal parameters as q> 0.6 and0<α<0.25. The variation of EM soliton’s amplitude isdiscussed analytically.