Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis and related molecules in ischemic stroke

Cerebral ischemia is a disease in which there is not enough blood flow to the brain tissue for metabolism. Stroke includes two types of ischemic with a frequency of approximately ۸۵% and hemorrhagic with a frequency of approximately ۱۵%. Various mechanisms cause neuronal death in cerebral ischemia, including increased extracellular glutamate amino acid concentration, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and necrosis-induced cell death. Each of these mechanisms appears to extend through distinct molecular cascades. Although several mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, apoptosis plays a major role in cell death after cerebral ischemia. Some minutes after the onset of focal cerebral ischemia, the core region in the brain ischemic tissues severe blood flow is fatally damaged, leading to cell death. Following cerebral ischemia, apoptosis begins through two general pathways. One is the intrinsic pathway that occurs mainly in the mitochondria and releases cytochrome C and is involved in the stimulation of caspase-۳. The other is the extrinsic pathway that begins with the activity of death receptors on the surface of neurons and leads to the stimulation of caspase-۸. Key molecules are involved in the process of cell apoptosis, the most important of which are calpain, caspases, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases. This study aimed to describe the process of apoptosis in cerebral ischemia and to introduce the above-mentioned molecules.

Keywords:

ischemic stroke , Cellular signaling , Apoptosis , calpain , caspase