Social Ecofeminism Versus Cultural Ecofeminism: Marsha Norman’s Getting Out and ’night, Mother

The present article analyzes two of Marsha Norman’s groundbreaking plays, Getting Out (۱۹۷۷) and ’night, Mother (۱۹۸۳), in the light of ecofeminism. From the viewpoint of ecological feminism, Western patriarchal culture, which is structured in a hierarchical and dualistic manner, is responsible for the domination of women as well as the destruction of the natural environment. Broadly speaking, ecofeminist studies fall into two main categories: social ecofeminism and cultural ecofeminism. Considering the theories and positions of both groups, the researchers analyze how ‘nature’ and ‘women’ have been historically, socially, and culturally oppressed by hierarchical and dualistic structures of patriarchal capitalism; and discuss how Norman in her selected plays challenges and destabilizes such structures. Accordingly, it is concluded that Norman’s conception of woman-nature connection corresponds more closely to the theories and positions held by social ecofeminists than those of cultural ecofeminists, and that she considers woman-nature affinity as more of a sociocultural product than a biological fact.

Keywords:

Cultural ecofeminism , Environment , Nature-Culture dualism , Patriarchy , Social ecofeminism