Tungiasis: Neglected Diseases of Resource-Poor Community

Summary Tunga penetrans (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) is an ectoparasite, which causes Tungiasis in humans and animals. Tungiasis is peculiar to America, Caribbean islands, and sub–Saharan Africa. Residents in poor dwells are at a higher risk of getting Tungiasis. Social behaviors, economic status, and environmental factors are the major determinants for tungiasis. Companion animals, such as pigs, dogs, and cats are reservoirs for T.penetrans. The complete life cycle of Tunga flea takes one month to a year. Tunga flea has restricted jumping capacity and infestation is possible mostly at the lower extremities. Inflammation, self-amputation of digits, distortion and loss of nails, fissures, ulcers, gangrene and abnormal gait are some of clinical symptoms. Secondary infection also poses possible risks. Presumptive diagnosis is done by identifying lodged fleas or infected body parts and known travel history. Dermoscopy is a confirmatory method. Histological finding of the skin examination infected by Tungiasis is also possible. In sterile setup, the best treatment is surgical removal. Topical ointments like Dimethicone, Zanzarin, Ivermectin, Metrifonate, and Thiabendazole are also effective and safe. Infestations are often prevented by wearing protective clothing, spraying insecticides, sweeping floors, and personal hygiene. There is a little number of studies and the status of Tungiasis is not well known in Ethiopia, therefore further studies should be initiated and funded.

Keywords:

Tungiasis , Tunga peneterans , Reservoirs , Epidemiology