نقد دیدگاه شیخ مفید و خواجه طوسی در تبیین اندیشه امر بین الامرین

The problem of the human free will and explanation of the action of God in the scope of the optional actions of mankind is one of the important ontology issues that are discussed in the intellectual sciences. By studying the theological explanations of this theory especially if considered by the presumptions of the philosophers and theosophists, some critiques could be found. For example, explanations like granting power to man by God and determining limits for it (Shaikh Mofid’s idea) or the linear action (Khajah Toosi’s opinion) in some cases lead to Tafwiz (devolution) or Determinism. Although the actions are attributed to both God and the their doers, but considering that God is mere existence without any delusion of combination, the goodness of the actions is primarily attributed to God and secondarily to the servants and the defects and badness of the actions are by nature related to the servants and secondarily attributed to God. Nevertheless, in fact “All the things are from Allah”, since if there was no granting and creating the goodness of the actions by Allah, the servants were deprived from existence, and this is the explanation of “Something between the two things (devolution and Determinism)”.  

Keywords:

جبر و اختیار , امر بین الامرین , قدرت , فاعلیت طولی , وجود فقری