Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Different Extracts of Punica granatum var. pleniflora

Background:Punica granatum var. pleniflora (PGP) has been used for thousands of years as an effective agent to treat various types of diseases. However, there are a few new evidences addressing its therapeutic effects and related mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic (ET), dichloromethane (DM), and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of PGP. Methods: ET, DM, and EA extracts of PGP were first prepared using maceration method. Total phenolic content (TPC) of PGP was then assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and its antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH and FRAP methods. Furthermore, in-vitro antibacterial activity of the PGP extracts was performed. The effect of PGP on the viability of J۷۷۴A.۱, HUVECs, HT۲۹, and MCF-۷ cell lines was evaluated by the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory effect of PGP was assessed in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated J۷۷۴A.۱ cell line using qRT-PCR method. Results: EA extract contained the highest phenolic content (۳۸۳.۳ ± ۹.۱ mg gallic acid/g extract) and showed the highest antioxidant activity (IC۵۰ = ۳۶.۵ ± ۲.۳ µg/mL). PGP at concentration of ۱۵ µg/mL significantly decreased the expression of COX-۲ (ET) and iNOS (ET and EA) in J۷۷۴A.۱ cell. Also, EA showed the highest antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the PGP extracts decreased the viability of all tested cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. As indicated by IC۵۰, EA demonstrated the lowest IC۵۰ for all tested cell lines. Conclusion: According to the results, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effects of PGP might be driven by its phenolic compounds highly presented in the EA extract.