A review of the role of probiotics in the function of intestinal immuneresponses

Probiotics are living microorganisms that can be beneficial for the health of the body due to theconsumption of sufficient amounts of them in the form of medicine or food. Today, probiotics are knownas an important factor in preventing many infectious diseases and cancers, reducing Helicobacter pylori.,and treating digestive disorders. In addition, the mentioned microorganisms are able to strengthen thebody's immune system, break down food (due to the ability to produce multiple enzymes), lower the pHof the environment (due to the production of acidic compounds), and secrete bacteriocins. On the otherhand, the presence of probiotics in the gut as food supplements or components of the microbiota candirectly prevent the activity of pathogenic bacteria through the competitive elimination of pathogens (forexample, competition for the binding site, pathogen site, competition for substances nutritious, etc.) ispossible. Research shows that among all the modulation pathways of probiotics, the presence of defenseresponses by intestinal epithelial cells, modulation of intestinal defense barrier function, and mucosalinnate and adaptive immune responses, as well as signaling pathways can play an important role indefense against intestinal pathogens. Other mechanisms of modulation of intestinal epithelial innatedefense responses by probiotics include stimulation of Trefoil factor ۳, induction of the secretion ofantimicrobial peptides, stimulation of secretory immunoglobulin production, stimulation of Toll-likereceptors, enhancement of heat shock protein production, modulation of P-glycoprotein, and theadjustment of the mucins pointed out. However, despite the presence of acceptable evidence of the role ofprobiotics in improving the function of intestinal immune responses, clinical studies on humans are stilllimited, and more detailed planning is needed to achieve more effective treatment methods. Therefore,considering the unique importance of probiotics, the purpose of this review is to investigate thefunctioning of probiotics and their positive effects in strengthening intestinal immune responses.

Keywords:

Cellular immunity , Humoral immunity , Probiotics , Digestive system