An Efficient Approach for Driver Drowsiness Detection at Moderate Drowsiness Level Based on Electroencephalography Signal and Vehicle Dynamics Data

Background: Drowsy driving is one of the leading causes of severe accidents worldwide. In this study, an analyzing method based on drowsiness level proposed to detect drowsiness through electroencephalography (EEG) measurements and vehicle dynamics data. Methods: A driving simulator was used to collect brain data in the alert and drowsy states. The tests were conducted on ۱۹ healthy men. Brain signals from the parietal, occipital, and central parts were recorded. Observer Ratings of Drowsiness (ORD) were used for the drowsiness stages assessment. This study used an innovative method, analyzing drowsiness EEG data were in respect to ORD instead of time. Thirteen features of EEG signal were extracted, then through Neighborhood Component Analysis, a feature selection method, ۵ features including mean, standard deviation, kurtosis, energy, and entropy are selected. Six classification methods including K‑nearest neighbors (KNN), Regression Tree, Classification Tree, Naive Bayes, Support vector machines Regression, and Ensemble Regression are employed. Besides, the lateral position and steering angle as a vehicle dynamic data were used to detect drowsiness, and the results were compared with classification result based on EEG data. Results: According to the results of classifying EEG data, classification tree and ensemble regression classifiers detected over ۸۷.۵۵% and ۸۷.۴۸% of drowsiness at the moderate level, respectively. Furthermore, the classification results demonstrate that if only the single‑channel P۴ is used, higher performance can achieve than using data of all the channels (C۳, C۴, P۳, P۴, O۱, O۲). Classification tree classifier and regression classifiers showed ۹۱.۳۱% and ۹۱.۱۲% performance with data from single‑channel P۴. The best classification results based on vehicle dynamic data were ۷۵.۱۱ through KNN classifier. Conclusion: According to this study, driver drowsiness could be detected at the moderate drowsiness level based on features extracted from a single‑channel P۴ data.

Keywords:

Driving simulator , drowsy driving , electroencephalography signal , feature extraction , signal classification , supervised learning methods , vehicle dynamics