Robust Stochastic Blockchain Model for Peer-to-peer Energy Trading Among Charging Stations of Electric Vehicles

Fossil-fueled vehicles are being replaced by electric vehicles (EVs) around the world due to environmental pollution and high fossil fuel price. On the one hand, the electrical grid is faced with some challenges when too many EVs are improperly integrated. On the other hand, using a massive unexploited capability of the batteries in too many EVs makes these challenges opportunities. This unused capacity can be employed for the grid ancillary services and trading peer-to-peer (P۲P) energy. However, the preference of EV users is one of the most important factors, which has to be considered within the scheduling process of EVs. Therefore, this paper proposes a stochastic model for EV bidirectional smart charging taking into account the preferences of EV users, P۲P energy trading, and providing ancillary services of the grid. Considering the likings of EV users makes the proposed scheduling model adaptive against changing operating conditions. The presented model is formulated as an optimization problem aiming at optimal managing SOC of EV battery and electrical energy placement of several facilities considering the provision of ancillary services and contributing to P۲P transactions. To evaluate the proposed model, real-world data collected from Tehran city are used as input data for simulation. Numerical results demonstrate the ability of the presented model. Simulation results display that considering the preferences of EV users in the proposed model can enhance the total income provided by the EV energy-planning model such that it could balance the charging cost. Moreover, this advanced user-based smart charging model increases P۲P energy transactions amongst EVs and raises the ancillary services facility to the grid. Simulation results show that the yearly cost of optimal electrical charging on normal trips, light trips, and heavy trips is reduced by ۳۲.۶%, ۵۱.۲%, and ۳۴.۸% compared to non-optimal ones, respectively.

Keywords:

Ancillary service , Blockchain , Electric vehicle (EV) , Peer to peer (P۲P) , Smart contracts , State of charge (SOC)