High Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network for EEG Connectivity-Based Diagnosis of ADHD

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adults and its early detection is effective in the successful treatment of children. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used for classifying ADHD and normal children. In recent years, deep learning leads to more accurate classification. Objective: This study aims to adapt convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for classifying ADHD and normal children based on the connectivity measure of their EEG signals.Material and Methods: In this experimental study, the dataset consisted of ۶۱ ADHD and ۶۰ normal children from which ۱۳۰۲۱ epochs were extracted as input for model training and evaluation. Synchronization likelihood (SL) and wavelet coherence (WC) were considered connectivity measures. The neighborhood between EEG channels was arranged in a two-dimensional matrix for better representation. Four-dimensional (۴D) and six-dimensional (۶D) connectivity tensors were composed as model inputs. Two architectures were developed, one ۴D and ۶D CNN for SL and WC-based diagnosis of ADHD, respectively. Results: A ۵-fold cross-validation was utilized to assess developed models. The average accuracy of ۹۸.۵۶% for ۴D CNN and ۹۸.۸۵% for ۶D CNN in epoch-based classification were obtained. In the case of subject-based classification, the accuracy was ۹۹.۱۷% for both models.  Conclusion: Based on the evaluation metrics of the proposed models, ADHD children can be diagnosed and ADHD and normal children can be successfully distinguished.

Keywords:

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) , Functional Connectivity , Electroencephalography , Neural networks , Deep Learning , Artificial Intelligence