Analysis of ergosterol and gene expression profiles of sterol Δ۵,۶-desaturase (ERG۳) and lanosterol ۱۴α-demethylase (ERG۱۱) in Candida albicans treated with carvacrol

Introduction: Usually, for treatment of fungal infections, antifungals such as azoles are used, but one of the biggest problems faced in clinical practice is the emergence of resistance for most of these drugs. Antifungal drugs derived from plants may alleviate this problem. The aims of this study were to analyse the ergosterol and gene expression profiles of ERG genes in Candida albicans treated with carvacrol. Methods: We used carvacrol and conducted a series of follow-up studies to examine the inhibitors of Candida species isolated from immunocompromised patients. Antifungal susceptibility test, time-kill study, ergosterol binding assay and ergosterol content were investigated. Eventually, the expression of ERG۳ and ERG۱۱genes was carried out to investigate the inhibitory properties of antifungal activity against Candida albicans using quantitative real time RT-PCR. Results: Carvacrol was able to inhibit Candida species and reduce time-kill kinetic in C. albicans. This phytoconstituent acted by binding to ergosterol in the fungal membrane and caused a reduction of ۵۲% of the ergosterol content compared to the untreated growth control. Finally, carvacrol displayed significant down-regulation of ERG۳ and ERG۱۱genes in C. albicans. Conclusion: These results provide proof of concept for the implementation of carvacrol inhibitors of Candida species. In addition, ERG۳ and ERG۱۱ genes could be probable target of carvacrol against C. albicans.