Potential Plasma Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: An Overview

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the widely known neuro-degenerative disease, responsible for cognitive decline and progressive memory loss, results from the brain shrinkage (called atrophy) and degradation of neurons of brain, globally almost ۶۰-۷۰% people are suffering from it and most prevalent amongst older peoples of above ۴۰ years. The major or marker symptoms symptom of this disease is dementia, impairment of thinking, and changes in behavioral pattern. The disease progression commences with short memory loss to severe memory impairment. To cope with this, prior disease diagnosis helps in the prevention and treatment of diseases, as there is no complete treatment and cure available to this disease. Once the patients have been diagnosed with this disease, there are several pharmacological or non-pharmacological treatments can be given. Up to now, the technique available for the AD detection is CSF and PET scan which are painful and expensive. Several blood or plasma biomarkers can be used to detect the progression or prevalence of the diseases, based on non-invasive blood-based biomarker and it is cost-effective technique and with similar efficiency in comparison to classical one.In this investigation, we focus on potential biological markers for the investigation and AD detection. The blood biomarkers can be useful are Plasma GFAP has been found to be the most potential blood biomarker. There is no any standard procedure/test been accepted to be used for the AD diagnosis as a blood biomarker. The other biomarkers can be used along with Plasma GFAP are level of TGF-β۱ in plasma and Activity NO synthase in Leukocytes, plasma gelsolin (GSN) and matrix metalloproteinase ۳ (MMP۳), plasma Cystatin C, and High-Density Lipoprotein.

Keywords:

Alzheimer’s disease , Biological Markers , Plasma GFAP , CSF , PET