Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Positive Bacteria, with Focus on Staphylococcus Aureus, Enterococcus Spp., and Streptococcus Pneumoniae

Antibiotic resistance is becoming more prevalent, which presents as an urgent risk to world-wide well-being, necessitating an urgent exploration of its mechanisms, implications, and potential mitigation strategies. This review provides an overview of the growing antibiotic resistance phenomenon within the realm of gram-positive bacteria, with a specific focus on three major pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These pathogens, once susceptible to conventional antibiotics, have displayed remarkable adaptability to develop resistance, rendering standard treatment regimens ineffective. This review outlines the objectives of understanding the mechanisms underlying the emergence of resistance, deciphering the clinical impact of resistance development, and highlighting the potential interventions to mitigate the crisis. This review also highlights a comprehensive exploration of the interaction between these pathogens and the selective pressure of antibiotics, horizontal gene transfer, and genetic mutations are central themes elucidated in this study. The clinical implications of these emerging resistance mechanisms, including treatment failure, increased morbidity, and mortality, emphasize the urgency of addressing this escalating concern.Furthermore, this review underscores the importance of alternative strategies, such as combination therapies, synergistic approaches, and the revival of older antibiotics, in combating gram-positive bacterial resistance. The study aims to provide insights into the novel strategies that hold promise for the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics.The review aims to contribute to the global efforts in curbing the antibiotic resistance crisis.

Keywords:

Antibiotic resistance , antimicrobial drug resistance , Gram-positive bacteria , Enterococcus species , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pneumoniae