Sonchus maritimus extracts-loaded niosomes bioconjugated by linoleic acid enhance high fructose diet-induced hepatic encephalopathy in albino Wistar rats

One of the major roles of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical field is to provides a facility to improve the drug delivery systems and design smart nanocarriers which have the potential to deliver specific biomolecules to the target site for treatment. In this study, we were evaluated a niosomes loaded Sonchus maritimus (SmE-N) on hepatic encephalopathy induced by high fructose diet (HFD) in rats. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of Sonchus maritimus extract (SmE), synthesis of niosomes and its characterization were performed. For in-vivo study, ۲۴ male rats were haphazardly divided into ۴ groups (n=۶); Control, HFD (۳۵%), HFD + SmE-N (۵۰ mg/kg/day) and HFD + metformin (۵۰ mg/kg/day). Clinical behaviors and Biological markers were assessed for all groups. In vitro results of chromatographic analysis revealed that S. maritimus contains important phenolic acids including gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid and caffiec acid, and divers flavonoids including quercetin, rutin and naringin bioactive compounds. The niosome formulation characterized by encapsulation efficiency of SmE reached up to ۶۱.۴۰%. In-vivo results, HFD showed a significant change in behavior parameters, liver glycogen, transaminases enzymes; brain protein and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) levels. In addition, a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in HFD group compared to control group. Furthermore, histopathological observation recorded a profound modification in liver and brain tissues of HFD group. In contrast, the treatment by the SmE-N and Metformin assured a partial amelioration in noticed parameters compared to HFD group, while SmE-N seems a better improvement than the metformin treatment when compared to control group. As conclusion, use of SmE-loaded niosomes and bio-conjugated with linoleic acid seems its powerful to treat complications of fructose-induced metabolic disorder through its hepato-neuroprotective abilities.

Keywords:

Metabolic disorder , Hepatic encephalopathy , oxidative stress , Niosome , Sonchus maritimus