Bio-Economic Changes Due to Long Time Treatment of Carbenda-zim on Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)

The effect of fungicides on silkworm larvae was analyzed with regard to the fact that these beneficial insects are usually affected by fungicides, Daily feeding on ۱ and ۲g/liter of carbendazim, a systemic fungicide, did not have significant effects on larval and pupal mortality. However the weight of the treated larvae showed considerable weight decrease up to ۳۷% weight.. All the economic traits of male and female adults treated with fungicide decreased but this decrease is not significant in cocoon shell weight and hatching percentage. The comparison of means using Tukey test at ۵% confidence level did not show any effect related to the concentration   REFERENCES Dutta, M., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Nataraju, B., Sharma, S.D., Chandrasekharan, K, Selvakumar, T. and Thiagarajan, V. (۲۰۰۳) Systemic fungicide application for the control of white muscardine in silkworm rearing. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. ۵, ۱۰۳-۱۰۶. Etebari, K., Ebadi, R. and Matindoost, L. (۲۰۰۴) Effect of feeding mulberry’s enriched leaves with ascorbic acid on some biological, biochemical and econo-mical characteristics of silkworm Bombyx mori L., Int. J. Indust. Entomol. ۸, ۸۱-۸۷ Gunasekhar, V., Govindaiah and Himantharaj, M.T. (۱۹۹۵) Efficacy of fungicides in controlling mulberry leaf rust caused by Cerotelium fici. Indian J. Seric. ۳۴, ۶۰-۶۲ Kuberappa, G. C. and Jayaramaiah, M. (۱۹۸۸) Effect of fungicidal application against the white muscardine disease on the cocoon weight of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. ۲۲, ۴۳-۴۷. Kumar, P., Kishore, R., Datta, R. K. and Goel, S. C. (۱۹۹۲) Mortality of the silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori L.) on feeding mulberry leaves sprayed with insecticides. Biotechnology and control of insect pests, Proceedings of the National Symposium on Growth, Development & Control Technology of Insect Pests, ۱۷۹- ۱۸۳. Kuribayashi, S. (۱۹۸۸) Damage of silkworms caused by pesticides and preventive measures. Jap. Agri. Res. Quar. ۲۱, ۲۷۴-۲۸۳. Lim, S. H., Kim, Y.T., Lee, S. P., Rhee, I. J., Lim, J.S. and Lim, B.H. (۱۹۹۰) Sericulture training manual. FAO, Agricultural Services Bulletin, Rome. Lin, Y. S. and Tzeng, D. D. (۱۹۹۴) Effect of alpha-DL-diflouromethylornithine on Aecidium mori Barclay and its efficacy for controlling mulberry red rust. Plant Pathol. Bull. ۳, ۱۶۸-۱۷۴.  Mavvajpour, M., Biabany, M. R. and Hosainy, S. E. (۱۹۹۶) Country report in Iran sericulture, national sericulture and entomology research institute of rural development administration, Korea, pp. ۴۵-۵۶. Mallikarjuna, M., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Nataraju, B. and Thiagarajan, V. (۲۰۰۲) Effect of systemic fungicide on total hemocyte count and hemolymph biochemical changes in silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with Beauveria bassiana. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. ۵, ۱۸۹-۱۹۴.  Pai, I.K., Hegde, S.N., and Krishnamurthy, N.B. (۱۹۹۰) Genetic effects of Apron ۳۵ SD on the germ cells of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Bollettino di Zoologia. ۵۷, ۳۵-۳۷. Seki, H. (۱۹۸۵) Effects on the moulting of silkworm, Bombyx mori, larvae of administering fungicide (of the imadazole group). Jap. J. Appl. Ento. Zool. ۲۹, ۲۴۷-۲۵۰ Sharma, D. D. and Govindaiah (۱۹۹۱) Comparative in vitro toxicity of fungicides against Pseudomonas mori (Boyer and Lambert) Stevens causing bacterial blight of mulberry. Indian J. Seric. ۳۰, ۱۳۹-۱۴۰. Siddaramaiah, A. L. and Hegde, R. K. (۱۹۸۹) Control of Cercospora leaf spot of mulberry-I - evaluation of fungicides both under laboratory and in field condition. Sik, K., Ryong S. H. and K. R Sang. ۱۹۷۶. Study of various pollutions on silkworm rearing in autumn. Seric. J. Korea. ۱۸, ۱۷-۱۹.  Snegaroff, J. and Bach, J. (۱۹۸۹) Effects of the fungicide prochloraz on xenobiotic metabolism in rainbow trout: inhibition in vitroand time course of induction in vivo, Xenobiotica, ۱۹, ۲۵۵–۲۶۷ Suss, L., Serini, G. B. and Girgenti, P. (۱۹۹۲) Cocoon spinning in the silkworm and the sterol content of mulberry leaves. Informatore Agrario. ۴۸, ۷۹-۸۱. Vandame, R. and Belzunces, L. P. (۱۹۹۸) Joint actions of deltamethrin and azole fungicides on honey bee thermoregulation. Neuroscience Letters. ۲۵۱, ۵۷–۶۰ Vassarmidaki, M. E., Harizanis, P. C. and Katsikis, S. (۲۰۰۰) Effects of Applaud on the growth of silkworm (Lep., Bombycidae). J. Econ. Entomol. ۹۳, ۲۹۰-۲۹۲. Vyjayanthi, N. and Subramanyam, M.V. (۲۰۰۲) Effect of fenvalerate-۲۰EC on sericigenous insects; I. food utilization in the late-age larva of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Ecotoxicol. Envirn. Safe. ۵۳, ۲۰۶-۲۱۱.

Keywords:

Carbendazim , Fungicide , Residual toxicity , Silkworm , Bombyx mori