Shaping Smart Manufacturing and Industry ۴.۰ through the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): A Review

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological paradigm encompassing internet-enabled sensors integrated into the physical world, enabling devices to share data without direct human-to-human or human-to-machine interaction. The IoT also referred to as the 'embedded Internet,' has its roots in Kevin Ashton's coining of the term in ۱۹۹۹. It has since gained prominence and is expected to revolutionize various industries, including manufacturing, smart energy, healthcare, agriculture, safety, smart climate control, buildings, and cities. The Industrial IoT (IIoT) plays a significant role within this context by analyzing, storing, and aggregating extensive data for empirical, descriptive, and predictive statistical purposes. IIoT initiatives promote smart factory products and have been adopted by IT sector organizations worldwide. Despite being in development, IIoT faces unique challenges in integrating Operational Technology (OT) with traditional IT, leading to business and cybersecurity challenges. This article aims to explore the significance of IIoT and its evolution into Industry ۴.۰ processes while addressing challenges in development and implementation. The focus is on system structure, layers, applications, and opportunities within the broader context of the Internet of Things.

Keywords:

Internet of Things (IoT) , Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) , Industry ۴.۰ , Industrial Automation , IoT Case Studies , IIOT Architecture , Cyber security.