Topic: Genetics and epigenetics of thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is one of the most common cancers of the body's endocrine glands, which, according to studies, is more common in women than in men, and is more visible in old age. Thyroid cancer is pathologically divided into four types: papillary (ptc), follicular (ftc), modular (mtc), anaplastic (atc), the most common of which is papillary thyroid cancer (ptc), which includes the most thyroid malignancies and then (ftc) and (mtc) and finally (atc) which is the lowest in terms of prevalence but includes the most aggressive and malignant thyroid cancer and is seen in old age. Methods: The present study is a systematic review based on searches in Google Scholar and Elmnet search engines and PubMed databases, Scientific information database Science Direct, Elsevier, with keywords thyroid cancer, papillary, thyroid cancer, oncogene, HOTAIR gene in the range It was done sometime between 2000 and 2024. From all found articles, 26 articles were selected and analyzed for the purpose of research. Articles that were not available or were not relevant were excluded from the study and finally 12 articles were evaluated for review. Results : Biopsy and FNAB methods are used to distinguish it, and thyroid scan and ultrasound are used for diagnosis. According to the studies, it was observed that HOTAIR gene expression is significantly observed in many cancers and malignancies. The increase of this gene causes involvement of lymph nodes, and the HOTAIR gene is an oncogene, and its role is in regulating gene expression and chromatin dynamics, which HOTAIR genes are called HOXC_AS4 and HOXC11_AS1. Various pathways are involved in the occurrence of thyroid cancer, three important pathways including PI3K, MPK, and TGFB, which are the most studied and used among the main signaling pathways. The research conducted on the change in the expression of oncogenes in thyroid cells shows that the increase of oncogenes causes a change in the expression of miRNAs in the cell, and according to the research, scientists have identified miRNA as a small non-coding RNA that can increase gene expression in The post-transcriptional level is controlled so that translation or destruction takes place, and many miRNAs play an important role in cancer progression by targeting mRNAs that are effective in cancer diagnosis, such as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Conclusion: Thyroid cancer is the result of a series of genetic and epigenetic changes and by creating changes in the molecules and cells of the surrounding environment through signaling pathways including PI3K, MAPK ,TGFB, which are important and can alone or Accelerate the process of carcinogenesis together with one another, and according to studies, the increase in gene expression of miRNAs often affects the inhibitory molecules and the decrease in the expression of suppressive miRNAs often affects the activating molecules, and it can be done by inhibiting or changing the process of miRNAs. considered as a suitable candidate for the purposes of early awareness and treatment and early diagnosis of thyroid cancer.

Topic: Genetics and epigenetics of thyroid cancer Keywords:

Thyroid cancer , papillary , thyroid cancer , oncogene , HOTAIR gene