Respiratory Infections in Children: An Updated Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Biochemical Aspects, and Nursing Interventions

Respiratory infections in children, including both viral and bacterial causes, are leading contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. These infections are characterized by distinct pathophysiological processes, including immune activation, inflammation, and biochemical alterations. Understanding the biochemical mechanisms underlying these infections provides insights into diagnosis, treatment strategies, and the role of nursing interventions. Effective management is crucial for improving outcomes and minimizing complications in pediatric respiratory infections. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated analysis of the pathophysiology, biochemical aspects, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and nursing interventions for respiratory infections in children. It highlights key components such as age-related differences, the role of immune responses, and evidence-based nursing care strategies. This review synthesizes existing literature from clinical studies, case reports, and biochemical analyses to present a comprehensive overview of respiratory infections in children. Key aspects covered include the etiology of infections, immune response mechanisms, biochemical markers for diagnosis and monitoring, clinical manifestations, and nursing management interventions. Respiratory infections in children are often triggered by viral agents such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza, as well as bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia. These infections activate immune responses involving the release of inflammatory cytokines and biochemical markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). The clinical management of these infections requires comprehensive nursing interventions, including hydration, temperature control, and respiratory support. Psychological care and family support also play significant roles in recovery. Respiratory infections in children are complex, involving immune, biochemical, and clinical factors. An understanding of the pathophysiology and biochemical markers aids in diagnosis and effective treatment. Nursing interventions are essential for symptom management, patient comfort, and preventing the spread of infection. Early intervention and holistic care approaches can improve outcomes for affected children.

Respiratory Infections in Children: An Updated Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Biochemical Aspects, and Nursing Interventions Keywords:

Respiratory infections , children , pathophysiology , Immune response , biochemical markers , Nursing Interventions , viral infections , Bacterial infections , Clinical Management