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Optimizing soil conservation, water balance, and sediment yield in Northern Morocco: A detailed SWAT model analysis of the El-Makhazine basin

Publish Year: 1403
Type: Conference paper
Language: English
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NERUMA01_235

Index date: 3 March 2025

Optimizing soil conservation, water balance, and sediment yield in Northern Morocco: A detailed SWAT model analysis of the El-Makhazine basin abstract

Morocco is grappling with a severe decline in surface water availability, significantly affecting dam reserves due to climate change and reduced rainfall. The El Makhazine dam in the north is essential, supplying 700 Mm³ annually from its 772.9 Mm³ reservoir. It delivers 18 Mm³ of drinking and industrial water annually and irrigates 36,000 hectares in the Loukkos area. This situation calls for urgent research and monitoring of water and sediment discharge to plan anti-erosion measures and ensure the sustainability of regional water resources. This study presents a novel application of the SWAT model to the basin, utilizing high-resolution data. The dataset includes climate, flow, and sediment concentration records from 1982 to 2020, topographic data, land use information from high-resolution Sentinel satellite images, and soil data from laboratory analyses. The SUFI2 algorithm was used to simulate the basin's hydrological processes, while the SWAT-CUP program was employed for model calibration and validation over two periods (1982–2003 and 2004–2020). The model incorporated 21 sensitivity parameters to control flows and sediments, with reliability assessed using three objective functions (NSE, PBIAS, and R²). The analysis revealed that evapotranspiration and surface runoff were the dominant processes in the basin's water yield and balance. Erosion rates and sediment loads ranged from 7.27 to 86.77 t/ha/yr, averaging 31.62 t/ha/yr. Sub-watersheds were prioritized based on erosion rates to target anti-erosion interventions effectively. The Best Management Practices simulation identified terracing as the most suitable practice for the region, reducing erosion by 48.7%. The model has demonstrated effectiveness in simulating watershed development and implementing practices to minimize dam siltation.

Optimizing soil conservation, water balance, and sediment yield in Northern Morocco: A detailed SWAT model analysis of the El-Makhazine basin Keywords:

Optimizing soil conservation, water balance, and sediment yield in Northern Morocco: A detailed SWAT model analysis of the El-Makhazine basin authors

Soufiane Aafir

Position, Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco

Abdessalam Ouallali

Position, Department of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco

Mohamed Moukhchane

Position, Department of Earth and Life Sciences, Higher Normale School, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco

Habiba Aassoumi

Position, Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco